Browse Research
Viewing 2226 to 2250 of 7690 results
2006
The marginal approach to risk and return analysis compares the marginal return from a business decision to the marginal risk imposed. Allocation distributes the total company risk to business units and compares the profit/risk ratio of the units. These approaches coincide when the allocation actually assigns the marginal risk to each business unit, i.e., when the marginal impacts add up to the total risk measure.
2006
This paper reports on our research into the issues associated with establishing standards for materiality associated with claim liability estimates. In our research we explored several alternative methods for developing benchmarks for materiality. Rather than restrict ourselves to theoretical considerations, we tested the various methods empirically using public data for individual companies and various lines of business.
2006
The present paper provides a unifying survey of some of the most important methods and models of loss reserving which are based on run-off triangles. The starting point is the thesis that the use of run-off triangles in loss reserving can be justified only under the assumption that the development of the losses of every accident year follows a development pattern which is common to all accident years.
2006
The passage and implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was the most significant landmark legislation in securities regulation and corporate governance in the US since the SEC Act of 1934.
2006
While the actuarial literature devoted to stochastic loss reserving has been developing at an impressive rate, much of this literature has been devoted to the statistical analysis of summarized loss triangles. This restriction limits the benefits that modern statistical techniques can bring to the subject of loss reserving. This paper will sketch one possible framework for estimating future claims payments using claim-level data.
2006
Increased limits ratemaking focuses on the development of appropriate charges for various limits of liability coverages. Common liability lines of insurance include Personal Automobile Liability, Commercial Automobile Liability, General Liability, and Medical Professional Liability.
2006
Deductible clauses are common in property and casualty insurance policies. This study note illustrates some of the reasons for the rise in popularity of deductible policies and examines some considerations in pricing such policies, and outlines a basic illustration of pricing deductible policies.
2006
Final remark on the comments in the article by Thomas Mack, Gerhard Quarg and Christian Braun (ASTIN 36/2, p. 543-552).
2006
The Mean Square Error of Prediction in the Chain Ladder Reserving Method (Mack and Murphy Revisited)
We revisit the famous Mack formula [2], which gives an estimate for the mean square error of prediction MSEP of the chain ladder claims reserving method: We define a time series model for the chain ladder method. In this time series framework we give an approach for the estimation of the conditional MSEP. It turns out that our approach leads to results that differ from the Mack formula.
2006
This paper was prepared in response to a call from the American Academy of Actuaries Committee on Property and Liability Financial Reporting (COPLFR). The call requested ideas about how to define and test for risk transfer in short duration reinsurance contracts as required by FAS 113 and SSAP 62.
2006
This chapter discusses an approach to the correlation problem where losses in different lines of insurance are linked by a common variation (or shock) in the parameters of each line's loss model. The chapter begins with a simple common shock model and graphically illustrates the effect of the magnitude of the shocks on correlation.
2006
In recent years a number of "data mining" approaches for modeling data containing nonlinear and other complex dependencies have appeared in the literature. One of the key data mining techniques is decision trees, also referred to as classification and regression trees or CART (Breiman et al, 1993). That method results in relatively easy to apply decision rules that partition data and model many of the complexities in insurance data.
2006
In actuarial applications we often work with loss distributions for insurance products. For example, in P&C insurance, we may develop a compound Poisson model for the losses under a single policy or a whole portfolio of policies. Similarly, in life insurance, we may develop a loss distribution for a portfolio of policies, often by stochastic simulation.
2006
This paper demonstrates a Bayesian method for estimating the distribution of future loss payments of individual insurers.
2006
Characteristic of many reserving methods designed to analyse claims data aggregated by contract or sets of contracts, is the assumption that features typifying historical data are representative of the underwritten risk and of future losses likely to affect the contracts.
2006
This practice note was prepared by the Committee on Property and Liability Financial Reporting (COPLFR) of the American Academy of Actuaries (Academy). It is not an Actuarial Standard of Practice.
2006
We discuss some questionable points of the approach taken in the paper by Buchwalder, Bühlmann, Merz and Wüthrich and come to the conclusion that this approach does not yield an improvement of Mack’s original formula. The main reason is that the new approach disregards the negative correlation of the squares of the development factors. The same applies to the formula by Murphy (PCAS 1994).
2006
This paper addresses some of the problems a majority of retired individuals face: Why and in what proportion should they invest in a life annuity to maximize the utility of their future consumption or a bequest? The market considered in this work is made up of three assets: a life annuity, a risky asset and a cash account.
2006
This article discusses risk classification and develops and discusses a framework for estimating the effects of restrictions on risk classification. It is shown that expected losses due to adverse selection depend only on means, variances and covariances of insurance factors and rates of uptake of insurance. Percentage loadings required to avoid losses are displayed.
2006
We introduce a class of Bayesian infinite mixture models first introduced by Lo (1984) to determine the credibility premium for a non-homogeneous insurance portfolio. The Bayesian infinite mixture models provide us with much flexibility in the specification of the claim distribution. We employ the sampling scheme based on a weighted Chinese restaurant process introduced in Lo et al.
2006
For a dozen or so years the chain ladder models of Murphy and Mack have been known to give the same reserve estimates but differ slightly in their assumptions and in their calculations of the reserve variance. Up until now no one had provided a detailed analysis of the source of the difference in variance.
2006
We derive the estimation error in a Bayesian framework and discuss the estimates of Mack [2] and of Buchwalder, Bühlmann, Merz and Wüthrich (BBMW) [1] from a Bayesian point of view.
2006
In this paper the dynamic portfolio selection problem is studied for the first time in a dual utility theory framework. The Wang transform is used as distortion function and well diversified optimal portfolios result both with and without short sales allowed.
Keywords: Dynamic Portfolio Selection, Dual Utility Theory, Merton Problem, Wang Transform
2006
For a general class of risk models, the dividends-penalty identity is derived by probabilistic reasoning. This identity is the key for understanding and determining the optimal dividend barrier, which maximizes the difference between the expected present value of all dividends until ruin and the expected discounted value of a penalty at ruin (which is typically a function of the deficit at ruin).
2006
This paper investigates some models in which non-negative observations from a Poisson or generalised Poisson distribution are possibly damaged according to a binomial or quasi-binomial law. The latter case is appropriate when the observations are over-dispersed. Although the extent of the damage is not known, it is assumed that the event of whether or not damage occurred is discernible.
